Report
  1. All differences described in the text are statistically significant at p<0.05 unless otherwise noted.

    ← Return to text

  2. Supplemental to the Survey of Immigrants, KFF also conducted a representative survey of 1,049 U.S.-born adults. to compare the immigrant and native-born experience. KFF/LA Times Survey of Immigrants: U.S. Born Adult Comparison (June 29 – July 9, 2023).

    ← Return to text

  3. The estimate of the total number of noncitizens in the US is based on the 2021 American Community Survey (ACS) 1-year Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS). The ACS data do not directly indicate whether an immigrant is lawfully present or not. We draw on the methods underlying the 2013 analysis by the State Health Access Data Assistance Center (SHADAC) and the recommendations made by Van Hook et. Al.1,2 This approach uses the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to develop a model that predicts immigration status; it then applies the model to ACS, controlling to state-level estimates of total undocumented population from Pew Research Center. For more detail on the immigration imputation used in this analysis, see the Technical Appendix B.

    ← Return to text

  4. KFF analysis of 2021 Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System (BRFSS) data.

    ← Return to text

  5. KFF/LA Times Survey of Immigrants: U.S. Born Adult Comparison (June 29 – July 9, 2023).

    ← Return to text

  6. KFF analysis of 2022 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) adult interview sample.

    ← Return to text

  7. KFF analysis of 2022 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) adult interview sample.

    ← Return to text

  8. KFF analysis of 2022 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) adult interview sample.

    ← Return to text

  9. KFF/LA Times Survey of Immigrants: U.S. Born Adult Comparison (June 29-July 9, 2023).

    ← Return to text

  10. KFF/LA Times Survey of Immigrants: U.S. Born Adult Comparison (June 29-July 9, 2023).

    ← Return to text

KFF Headquarters: 185 Berry St., Suite 2000, San Francisco, CA 94107 | Phone 650-854-9400
Washington Offices and Barbara Jordan Conference Center: 1330 G Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005 | Phone 202-347-5270

www.kff.org | Email Alerts: kff.org/email | facebook.com/KFF | twitter.com/kff

The independent source for health policy research, polling, and news, KFF is a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, California.