The U.S. Government and International Family Planning & Reproductive Health Efforts

Key Facts

Global Situation

Access to family planning and reproductive health (FP/RH) services is critical to the health of women and children worldwide. Improving access to FP/RH services globally can help prevent maternal deaths and reduce unintended pregnancies. Each year, approximately 287,000 women die from complications during pregnancy and childbirth, almost all in developing countries and most in sub-Saharan Africa and South and Central Asia.1 It is also estimated that approximately one-third of maternal deaths could be prevented annually if women who did not wish to become pregnant had access to and used effective contraception.2

Family Planning (FP): The ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their desired number of children and the spacing and timing of births.3

Reproductive Health (RH): The state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive processes, functions, and system at all stages of life.4

Key Factors

Key factors contributing to maternal deaths and unintended pregnancy include:5

Worldwide, 218 million women have an unmet need for modern contraception (i.e., they do not wish to get pregnant and are using no contraceptive method or a traditional method).6 Access to modern FP methods varies significantly by region. Unmet need for modern FP is highest in regions like sub-Saharan Africa, Oceania, and Western Asia where modern contraceptive prevalence is low.7 Adolescent fertility rates have declined slowly and remain particularly high in sub-Saharan Africa, where child marriage remains common, and in Latin America and the Caribbean as well as Oceania.8 While the percentage of pregnant women receiving the recommended minimum number of four antenatal care visits has been on the rise, it is 49% in the least developed countries and has reached only 54% in sub-Saharan Africa and 55% in South Asia.9 Each year, approximately 47,000 women die from complications associated with unsafe abortion.10 Access to and use of effective contraception reduces unintended pregnancies and the incidence of abortion.11

Reasons for the lack of access to and, in some cases, utilization of FP/RH services include low awareness of the risks of sexual activity, such as pregnancy and HIV; cost; gender inequality; and laws in some countries that require women and girls to be of a certain age or have third party authorization, typically from their husband, to utilize services.12

Interventions

FP/RH encompasses a wide range of services that have been shown to be effective in decreasing the risk of unintended pregnancies, maternal and child mortality, and other complications. These include:

SDG 3: Achieving Universal Access to Reproductive Health

This goal, adopted in 2015 as part of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 – “ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages,” is to “ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health care services, including for family planning, information, and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes”14 by 2030.

U.S. Government Efforts

The U.S. has a long history of engagement in international family planning and population issues, and today, the U.S. government is the largest donor to global FP/RH efforts and is one of the largest purchasers and distributors of contraceptives internationally.15 Congress first authorized research in this area in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.16 In 1965, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) launched its first FP program and, in 1968, began purchasing contraceptives to distribute in developing countries. In the 1980s, USAID programs expanded to address maternal, newborn, and child health as well as the relationship between population, health, and the environment; and in the 1990s, USAID FP/RH programs began to recognize the need for male involvement in FP/RH and focus on the needs of young people.17 More recently, the U.S. adopted a longer term global health goal of ending preventable child and maternal deaths by 2035 and highlighted the important role of FP/RH efforts in achieving this goal.18 U.S. funding for FP/RH is governed by several legislative and policy requirements, including a legal ban on the direct use of U.S. funding overseas for abortion as a method of family planning (which has been in place since 1973) as well as more stringent restrictions in some years, such as the Mexico City Policy (see below).

Organization

USAID has long served as the lead U.S. agency for FP/RH activities, with other agencies also carrying out FP/RH activities.

USAID

USAID operates FP/RH programs in more than 30 countries, with a focused effort in 24 priority countries that are mostly in Africa and Southern Asia.19 The agency’s stated FP/RH objective is to help countries meet the FP/RH needs of their people.20 It does this by expanding sustainable access to quality voluntary FP/RH services, commodities, and information (see Table 121) that enhance efforts to reduce high-risk pregnancies; allow sufficient time between pregnancies; provide information, counseling, and access to condoms to prevent HIV transmission; reduce the number of abortions; support women’s rights by improving “women’s opportunities for education, employment, and full participation in society;” and stabilize population growth by advancing “individuals’ rights to decide their own family size.”22

Table 1: U.S. Government-Funded Family Planning/Reproductive Health (FP/RH) Interventions
Addressing child marriage
Addressing gender-based violence
Biomedical and contraceptive research and development
Contraceptive supplies and their distribution
Contributions to UNFPA
Counseling and services such as birth spacing
Eliminating female genital mutilation
Financial management
Linking FP with HIV/AIDS & STD information/services
Linking FP with maternity services
Post-abortion care
Prevention and repair of obstetric fistula
Public education and marketing
Sexuality & reproductive health education
Training of health workers
Other U.S. FP/RH Efforts

Also carrying out FP/RH efforts are the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (research, surveillance, technical assistance, and a designated World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Reproductive Health);23 the Department of State (diplomatic and humanitarian efforts); the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (research); and the Peace Corps (volunteer activities).

Additionally, USAID’s FP/RH and maternal and child health (MCH) efforts are closely linked, although Congress directs funding to and USAID operates these programs separately. Recent years have also seen greater emphasis on coordinating FP/RH investments with global HIV efforts through the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR).24 See the KFF fact sheet on U.S. MCH efforts and the KFF fact sheet on U.S. PEPFAR efforts.

Multilateral Efforts

The U.S. works with several international institutions, partnerships, and other donors to carry out FP/RH efforts. Among them are the U.N. Population Fund (UNFPA, the largest purchaser and distributor of contraceptives worldwide); Family Planning 2030 (FP2030, an international partnership to expand access to rights-based family planning services in which the U.S. is a core partner25); and the Global Financing Facility (GFF, a partnership to advance the health and rights of women, children, and adolescents through innovative financing, in which the U.S. is an investor and has recently enhanced its cooperation with a focus on how their combined efforts may further strengthen primary health care).26

Funding27

U.S. funding for FP/RH rose steadily in its first three decades28 but then declined for several years before peaking at $715 million in FY 2010. More recently, funding has been relatively flat at approximately $600 million. Total U.S. funding for FP/RH, which includes the U.S. contribution to UNFPA, was $608 million in FY 2023 (see figure for the latest information). In several years during this period, the Trump administration withheld the U.S. contribution to UNFPA (FY 2017 – FY 2020) due to the Kemp-Kasten Amendment.29 (See the KFF fact sheet on the U.S. Global Health Budget: Family Planning & Reproductive Health (FP/RH) and the KFF budget tracker for more details on historical appropriations for U.S. global FP/RH efforts.)

Most U.S. funding for FP/RH is part of the Global Health Programs account at USAID, with additional funding provided through the Economic Support Fund account. FP/RH funding is also provided through the International Organizations & Programs account at the Department of State for the U.S. contribution to UNFPA. Under current U.S. law, any U.S. funding withheld from UNFPA is to be made available to other family planning, maternal health, and reproductive health activities.30

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Requirements in Law and Policy31

Legal, policy, and programmatic requirements for U.S. funding for international FP include (also see the KFF fact sheet on these and other requirements):

Helms Amendment

Since 1973, through the Helms Amendment, U.S. law has prohibited the use of foreign assistance to pay for the performance of abortion as a method of family planning or to motivate or coerce any person to practice abortion.

Mexico City Policy

First instituted by President Reagan in 1984 through executive order, the Mexico City Policy (the “Global Gag Rule”) required foreign non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to certify that they would not perform or promote abortion as a method of family planning using funds from any source as a condition for receiving U.S. funding. A highly debated issue, this policy was rescinded by President Clinton, reinstated by President Bush, rescinded by President Obama, and reinstated – in an expanded form – by President Trump in January 2017. The Trump administration’s application of the policy extended to the vast majority of U.S. bilateral global health assistance, including funding for FP/RH, HIV under PEPFAR, maternal and child health, malaria, nutrition, and other programs; in past iterations, it applied to family planning assistance only, and under that administration, the policy was renamed “Protecting Life in Global Health Assistance.” The Biden administration rescinded the policy in January 2021. See the KFF explainer on the Mexico City Policy.

UNFPA & the Kemp-Kasten Amendment

Although the U.S. government helped create the U.N. Population Fund (UNFPA) in 1969 and was a leading contributor for many years, there have been several years in which funding has been withheld due to executive branch determinations that UNFPA’s activities in China violated the Kemp-Kasten Amendment, which prohibits funding any organization or program, as determined by the President, that supports or participates in the management of a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization.32 The Kemp-Kasten Amendment was most recently invoked to withhold funding for UNFPA for four years (FY 2017 – FY 2020) during the Trump administration; see the KFF explainer on UNFPA funding and the Kemp-Kasten Amendment.

Voluntarism and Informed Choice

The principles of ensuring voluntary use of FP/RH services as well as informed choice of FP/RH options are specified in legislative language and program guidance.

Endnotes
  1. World Health Organization (WHO), et al., Trends in maternal mortality: 2000 to 2020, 2023; WHO, “Maternal mortality,” fact sheet, Feb. 22, 2023.

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  2. S. Ahmed, et al., “Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: an analysis of 172 countries,” The Lancet, July 14, 2012 (Vol. 30, no. 9837: 111-125).

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  3. WHO, Family Planning website, https://www.who.int/health-topics/contraception#tab=tab_1.

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  4. WHO, Reproductive Health website, https://www.who.int/teams/sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-research-(srh)/overview; International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), Programme of Action, Cairo, 1994.

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  5. WHO, “Maternal mortality,” fact sheet, Sept. 2019; United Nations (UN), The Millennium Development Goals Report 2009, 2009; WHO, World Health Report 2005 – Making Every Mother and Child Count, 2005; Guttmacher Institute, “Unintended Pregnancy and Abortion Worldwide,” fact sheet, July 2020; WHO, “Preventing unsafe abortion,” fact sheet, Sept. 2020.

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  6. Guttmacher Institute, Adding It Up: Investing in Sexual and Reproductive Health 2019, 2020.

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  7. Oceania excludes Australia and New Zealand. U.N. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Estimates and Projections of Family Planning Indicators 2022: Regions, 2022.

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  8. Oceania excludes Australia and New Zealand. U.N., Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals, Report of the Secretary-General 2023, Supplementary Information, statistical annex, undated, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/files/report/2023/E_2023_64_Statistical_Annex_I_and_II.pdf.

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  9. UNICEF, “Table 3: Maternal and Newborn Health,” in State of the World’s Children 2023, 2023.

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  10. WHO, Unsafe abortion: global & regional estimates of the incidence of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in 2008, 2011. See also WHO, “Abortion,” fact sheet, Nov. 2021.

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  11. Eric Zuehlke, “Reducing Unintended Pregnancy and Unsafely Performed Abortion Through Contraceptive Use,” PRB, 2009. See also WHO, “Abortion,” fact sheet, Nov. 2021.

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  12. WHO, World Health Report 2005 – Making Every Mother and Child Count, 2005. See also Guttmacher Institute, Unmet Need for Contraception in Developing Countries: Examining Women’s Reasons for Not Using a Method, June 2016, and Guttmacher Institute, “Reasons for Unmet Need For Contraception in Developing Countries,” fact sheet, June 2016.

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  13. USAID, “Family Planning & Reproductive Health Programs - Saving Lives, Protecting the Environment, Advancing U.S. Interests,” fact sheet, undated; USAID, “Fast Facts: Family Planning,” fact sheet, Dec. 2009; WHO, Johns Hopkins, and USAID, Family Planning: A Global Handbook for Providers, 2007; USAID, Report to Congress: Global Health and Child Survival Progress Report – FY 2008, 2009; UNESCO, International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education, Dec. 2009.

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  14. UN, Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 2015. This goal was originally specified in the 1994 Cairo International Conference on Population and Development’s (ICPD) Programme of Action and was added in 2007 as a specific target of Millennium Development Goal 5 (MDG 5), which aims to improve maternal health. This addition to MDG 5 was a recognition by governments and world leaders of the need to address challenges related to access and utilization of RH services. The world did not reach this target, but some progress was made, with more women attending a health provider four times or more during pregnancy and using contraceptives, though these indicators still vary widely across regions. ICPD, Programme of Action, Cairo, 1994; UN, The Millennium Development Goals Report 2009, 2009; UN, The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015, 2015.

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  15. KFF, Mapping the Donor Landscape in Global Health: Family Planning and Reproductive Health, 2014; KFF, Donor Government Assistance for Family Planning, report series; UNFPA, Contraceptives and Condoms for Family Planning and STI & HIV Prevention (2014), 2015.

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  16. Congressional Research Service (CRS), U.S. International Family Planning Programs: Issues for Congress, Jan. 2016.

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  17. USAID, USAID Family Planning Program Timeline, undated.

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  18. USAID, “What We Do - Global Health,” webpage, https://www.usaid.gov/global-health; USAID: Acting on the Call: Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Deaths, June 2014; USAID: Acting on the Call: Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Deaths, June 2014. See also USAID, Acting on the Call 2018: A Focus on the Journey to Self-Reliance for Preventing Child and Maternal Deaths, 2018.

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  19. KFF analysis of data from the U.S. Foreign Assistance Dashboard website, ForeignAssistance.gov. See also USAID, “Family Planning Countries,” webpage, https://www.usaid.gov/global-health/health-areas/family-planning/countries. Countries are selected based on high rates of unmet need for FP, prevalence of high-risk births, low contraceptive use, and significant population pressures on land and water resources (per KFF personal communication with USAID, April 2, 2010).

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  20. USAID, “Family Planning and Reproductive Health Program Overview,” fact sheet, Oct. 2023.

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  21. USAID, “Family Planning and Reproductive Health Program Overview,” fact sheet, Oct. 2023; U.S. Government, FY 2019 Congressional Budget Justification - Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs, 2018; USAID, “Family Planning and Reproductive Health Program Overview,” fact sheet, Nov. 2017; USAID: “Family Planning and Reproductive Health,” webpage, https://www.usaid.gov/global-health/health-areas/family-planning; USAID, “Family Planning Resources,” webpage, https://www.usaid.gov/global-health/health-areas/family-planning/resources; USAID, “Reproductive Health,” webpage, https://www.usaid.gov/global-health/health-areas/reproductive-health; USAID, “Family Planning & Reproductive Health Programs - Saving Lives, Protecting the Environment, Advancing U.S. Interests,” fact sheet, undated; USAID, “Fast Facts: Family Planning,” fact sheet, Dec. 2009.

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  22. USAID, “Family Planning and Reproductive Health Program Overview,” fact sheet, Oct. 2023; USAID, “Family Planning and Reproductive Health Program Overview,” fact sheet, Nov. 2017; USAID: “Family Planning and Reproductive Health,” webpage, https://www.usaid.gov/global-health/health-areas/family-planning; USAID, Report to Congress: Global Health and Child Survival Progress Report – FY 2008, 2009.

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  23. CDC, Global Reproductive Health website, http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/Global/index.htm.

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  24. For example: OGAC, PEPFAR 2018 Country Operational Plan Guidance for Standard Process Countries, Jan. 28, 2018; OGAC, PEPFAR Fiscal Year 2014 Country Operational Plan (COP) Guidance, Version 2, Nov. 8, 2013; OGAC, PEPFAR Blueprint: Creating An AIDS-free Generation, Nov. 2012; OGAC, U.S. PEPFAR: Five-Year Strategy, Dec. 2009.

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  25. FP2030, “About FP2030,” webpage, https://fp2030.org/about.

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  26. The GFF was launched in 2015 as a multi-stakeholder partnership that supports country-led efforts to advance the health and rights of women, children, and adolescents, and the U.S. is as a member of the Investors Group that oversees the partnership’s overall activities. GFF, “About,” webpage, https://www.globalfinancingfacility.org/about; GFF, “Governance,” webpage, https://www.globalfinancingfacility.org/governance; GFF, “Investors Group,” webpage, https://www.globalfinancingfacility.org/governance/investors-group.

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  27. KFF analysis of data from the Office of Management and Budget, Agency Congressional Budget Justifications, Congressional Appropriations Bills, and U.S. Foreign Assistance Dashboard website, ForeignAssistance.gov.

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  28. PAI, Cents and Sensibility: U.S. International Family Planning Assistance from 1965 to the Present, webpage, https://pai.org/cents-and-sensibility/.

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  29. Congress has usually required that funding withheld from UNFPA be reallocated to USAID’s family planning, maternal, and reproductive health activities. See KFF, UNFPA Funding & Kemp-Kasten: An Explainer.

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  30. KFF, UNFPA Funding & Kemp-Kasten: An Explainer.

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  31. KFF, The U.S. Government and International Family Planning & Reproductive Health: Statutory Requirements and Policies, fact sheet; KFF, Statutory Requirements & Policies Governing U.S. Global Family Planning and Reproductive Health Efforts, brief, 2012; USAID, USAID's Family Planning Guiding Principles and U.S. Legislative and Policy Requirements webpage, https://www.usaid.gov/global-health/about-us/policy-requirements.

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  32. CRS, The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA): Background and U.S. Funding, May 2022; CRS, The U.N. Population Fund: Background and the U.S. Funding Debate, Feb. 2010.

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