Atención de salud en Puerto Rico y las Islas Vírgenes de los Estados Unidos: una revisión, a seis meses de las tormentas (Informe)
Informe
The Territory Clause of the U.S. Constitution and subsequent case law authorize Congress to treat territories differently than states under federal laws and programs as long as there is a “rational basis” for the differential treatment. Federal law provides that residents of the territories are generally not required to pay federal income tax, and the territories have special rules regarding Medicaid, Medicare and Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Congressional Task Force on Economic Growth in Puerto Rico, Report to the House and Senate (Washington, DC: Dec. 20, 2016), https://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Bipartisan%20Congressional%20Task%20Force%20on%20Economic%20Growth%20in%20Puerto%20Rico%20Releases%20Final%20Report.pdf.
U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, “Six Months After Maria: Progress Made, Work Continues” (Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency, Mar. 16, 2018), https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2018/03/16/six-months-after-maria-progress-made-work-continues, accessed Apr. 18, 2018.
Government of Puerto Rico, “StatusPR” (Puerto Rico, 2018), http://status.pr/?lng=en, accessed Apr. 18, 2018.
U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, “Power Restored to All Eligible Electric Customers in U.S. Virgin Islands” (Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency, Mar. 9, 2018), https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2018/03/09/power-restored-all-eligible-electric-customers-us-virgin-islands, accessed Apr. 18, 2018.
Lucia Molina, Registrations and Occupancy Report in Lodgings Endorsed by the PRTC (San Juan, Puerto Rico: Government of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico Tourism Company, Mar. 12, 2018), https://www.prtourism.com/dnn/Portals/0/PDF_Statistics/JanREG_OCUP18.pdf?ver=2018-03-12-165327-520; Lucia Molina, Registrations and Occupancy Report in Lodgings Endorsed by the PRTC (San Juan, Puerto Rico: Government of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico Tourism Company, Aug. 29, 2017), https://www.prtourism.com/dnn/Portals/0/PDF_Statistics/Jan17Registration_Occupancy.pdf?ver=2018-02-09-121921-447.
Government of Puerto Rico, “StatusPR” (Puerto Rico, 2018), http://status.pr/?lng=en, accessed Apr. 18, 2018.
U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Tourism, “U.S. Virgin Islands Update: March 1, 2018” (U.S. Virgin Islands: Department of Tourism, Mar. 1, 2018), https://drive.google.com/file/d/19j-_x2ogDQmismkELD9LVsjSsFT_WeGx/view, accessed Apr. 18, 2018; see also Beverly Nicholson-Doty, “United States Virgin Islands” (U.S. Virgin Islands: Commissioner of Tourism, Feb. 6, 2018), http://myemail.constantcontact.com/U-S--VIRGIN-ISLANDS-TRAVEL-UPDATE-FROM-COMMISSIONER-OF-TOURISM-BEVERLY-NICHOLSON-DOTY---FEBRUARY-6--2018.html?soid=1101882102592&aid=qGRDSUuX-VQ, accessed Apr. 18, 2018.
FEMA Spokesperson, Apr. 16, 2018; see also U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, “Puerto Rico Hurricane Maria (DR-4339)” (Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency, last updated Dec. 7, 2017), https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4339, accessed Apr. 18, 2018.
U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, “FEMA Provides Alternatives for Verifying Proof of Ownership in Puerto Rico” (Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency, Mar. 10, 2018), https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2018/03/10/fema-provides-alternatives-verifying-proof-ownership-puerto-rico, accessed Apr. 18, 2018.
U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, “Hurricane Survivors Have Until June 18 to Register with FEMA” (Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency, Mar. 15, 2018), https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2018/03/15/hurricane-survivors-have-until-june-18-register-fema-0, accessed Apr. 18, 2018.
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, “Public Health Emergency: HHS Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response” (Washington, DC: Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), Apr. 5, 2018), https://www.phe.gov/about/aspr/Pages/default.aspx, accessed Apr. 18, 2018.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “About HRSA” (Washington, DC: Health Resources & Services Administration, November 2017), https://www.hrsa.gov/about/index.html, accessed Apr. 18, 2018.
U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, “Six Months After Maria: Progress Made, Work Continues” (Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency, Mar. 16, 2018), https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2018/03/16/six-months-after-maria-progress-made-work-continues, accessed Apr. 18, 2018.
FEMA spokesperson, Apr. 16, 2018.
Government of Puerto Rico, Department of Education, “Departamento de Educación Anuncia las 828 Escuelas Operacionales Para el Curso Escolar 2018-19” (San Juan, Puerto Rico: Government of Puerto Rico, Department of Education, Apr. 5, 2018), https://twitter.com/EDUCACIONPR/status/981998908732792833, accessed Apr. 18, 2018.
Jason Bram, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands After Hurricanes Irma and Maria, Economic Press Briefing (New York, NY: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Feb. 22, 2018), https://www.newyorkfed.org/medialibrary/media/press/PressBriefing-PuertoRico-USVI-February222018.pdf.
Government of Puerto Rico. “New Fiscal Plan for Puerto Rico” (San Juan, Puerto Rico: Apr. 5, 2018), http://www.aafaf.pr.gov/assets/newfiscalplanforpuerto-rico-2018-04-05.pdf, accessed Apr. 18, 2018.
Edwin Meléndez and Jennifer Hinojosa, Research Brief: Estimates of Post-Hurricane Maria Exodus from Puerto Rico (New York, NY: Center for Puerto Rican Studies, CUNY Hunter College, October 2017), https://centropr.hunter.cuny.edu/sites/default/files/RB2017-01-POST-MARIA%20EXODUS_V3.pdf.
Edwin Meléndez and Jennifer Hinojosa. Research Brief: Estimates of Post-Hurricane Maria Exodus from Puerto Rico (New York, NY: Center for Puerto Rican Studies, CUNY Hunter College, October 2017), https://centropr.hunter.cuny.edu/sites/default/files/RB2017-01-POST-MARIA%20EXODUS_V3.pdf.
Comisión Para la Prevención del Suicidio. Estadísticas Preliminares de Casos de Suicidio, Puerto Rico, Febrero 2018 (Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: Puerto Rico Department of Health, February 2018), http://www.salud.gov.pr/Estadisticas-Registros-y-Publicaciones/Estadisticas%20Suicidio/Febrero%202018.pdf.
Comisión Para la Prevención del Suicidio. Estadísticas Preliminares de Casos de Suicidio, Puerto Rico, Febrero 2018 (Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: Puerto Rico Department of Health, February 2018), http://www.salud.gov.pr/Estadisticas-Registros-y-Publicaciones/Estadisticas%20Suicidio/Febrero%202018.pdf.
Frances Robles, et al, New York Times. “Official Toll in Puerto Rico: 64. Actual Deaths May be 1,052.” (New York, NY: The New York Times, Dec. 9, 2017), https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/12/08/us/puerto-rico-hurricane-maria-death-toll.html.
United States Virgin Islands Department of Justice, Press Release: AG Walker: Five hurricane-related deaths recorded in the Territory (USVI: Department of Justice, Office of the Attorney General, Oct. 2, 2017), http://usvidoj.codemeta.com/documents/AG%20Walker%20said%20five%20hurricane-related%20deaths%20recorded%20in%20the%20Territory.pdf.
Frances Robles, et al, New York Times. “Official Toll in Puerto Rico: 64. Actual Deaths May be 1,052.” (New York, NY: The New York Times, Dec. 9, 2017), https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/12/08/us/puerto-rico-hurricane-maria-death-toll.html.
Office of the Governor of Puerto Rico. “Governor Rosselló establishes working group to revise the number of deaths related to Hurricane Maria” (San Juan, Puerto Rico: La Fortaleza, Oficina del Gobernador, Jan. 4, 2018), http://www.fortaleza.pr.gov/content/governor-rossell-establishes-working-group-revise-number-deaths-related-hurricane-maria, accessed Apr. 18, 2018.
George Washington University Division of External Relations. “SPH Research Project to Study Hurricane Mortality in Puerto Rico” (Washington, DC: George Washington University, Feb. 22, 2018), https://gwtoday.gwu.edu/sph-research-project-study-hurricane-mortality-puerto-rico, accessed Apr. 18, 2018.
Government of Puerto Rico, Department of Health. “Directorio de Hospitales Publicos y Privados” (Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: Department of Health), http://www.salud.gov.pr/Servicios-al-Ciudadano/Pages/Directorio-de-Hospitales-Publicos-y-Privados.aspx, accessed Apr. 18, 2018.
Kaiser Family Foundation, “Health Centers in Puerto Rico: Operational Status after Hurricane Maria” (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, Mar. 16, 2018), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/fact-sheet/health-centers-in-puerto-rico-operational-status-after-hurricane-maria/, accessed Apr. 18, 2018.
Government of USVI, Department of Health. “Department Overview” (USVI: Department of Health), http://doh.vi.gov/about/overview.html, accessed Apr. 18, 2018.
Kaiser Family Foundation, “Health Centers in Puerto Rico: Operational Status after Hurricane Maria” (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, Mar. 16, 2018), https://www.kff.org/medicaid/fact-sheet/health-centers-in-puerto-rico-operational-status-after-hurricane-maria/, accessed Apr. 18, 2018.
115th Congress of the United States of America. H.R. 1892. “Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018” (Washington, DC: U.S. Congress, Jan. 3, 2018), https://www.congress.gov/115/bills/hr1892/BILLS-115hr1892enr.pdf.
Government of Puerto Rico. “New Fiscal Plan for Puerto Rico” (San Juan, Puerto Rico: Apr. 5, 2018), http://www.aafaf.pr.gov/assets/newfiscalplanforpuerto-rico-2018-04-05.pdf, accessed Apr. 18, 2018.
Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission, Medicaid and CHIP in Puerto Rico (Washington, DC: Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission, February 2018), https://www.macpac.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Medicaid-and-CHIP-in-Puerto-Rico.pdf.
Government of Puerto Rico. “New Fiscal Plan for Puerto Rico” (San Juan, Puerto Rico: Apr. 5, 2018), http://www.aafaf.pr.gov/assets/newfiscalplanforpuerto-rico-2018-04-05.pdf, accessed Apr. 18, 2018.