The U.S. Government and Global Tuberculosis Efforts

Key Facts

  • Since the World Health Organization declared tuberculosis (TB) to be a global health emergency in 1993, global efforts to address TB have become more prominent, and worldwide TB incidence and mortality rates have fallen. Still, in 2022, there were an estimated 10.6 million new cases of TB globally, including 671,000 new cases in people living with HIV.
  • In response to the persistent challenges related to TB, including drug-resistant TB, the U.N. General Assembly has held two high-level meetings on TB – in 2018 and 2023 – to discuss these challenges and examine progress toward global goals, including ending the epidemic by 2030.
  • U.S. government (U.S.) involvement in global TB efforts was relatively limited until the late 1990s. Since that time, its efforts to address TB have grown, and now the U.S. is one of the largest donors to global TB control.
  • U.S. TB activities reach approximately 50 countries (including at least 20 of the 30 high burden countries where most new cases are occurring), and focus on preventing, detecting, and treating TB, including drug-resistant TB, as well as research and development.
  • U.S. funding for global TB efforts was $406 million in FY 2023, up from $233 million in FY 2013. Additionally, the U.S. is the largest donor to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Global Fund), which has approved nearly $10 billion in funding for TB programs worldwide.

Global Situation

Tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by bacteria, is a leading cause of death worldwide, despite being preventable and often curable. Approximately a quarter of the world’s population has “latent” TB, meaning they have been infected by TB bacteria but are not yet ill with the disease and cannot transmit it (see box below); about 5-10% of people infected with TB will, at some point during their lifetime, develop symptoms of “active” TB, which can be spread to others. When a person with active TB coughs, sneezes, or spits, the bacteria spreads into the air where it may be inhaled by and infect others.1 TB is found all over the world, though the vast majority of TB cases are concentrated in a handful of countries in Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Western Pacific region.2 People in resource-poor settings, especially those living in poverty or in crowded living conditions with poor ventilation (e.g., prisons or mines), are disproportionately affected.3

Tuberculosis (TB):4 A bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Not all people who become infected with TB will develop symptoms. Those who do not become ill are referred to as having “latent TB” and cannot spread the infection to others, while those who become ill with “active TB disease” have symptoms like coughing (sometime with sputum or blood), chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. The disease usually affects the lungs, but in serious cases, it can affect other parts of the body and, if not treated properly, can be fatal.

In the 1990s and early 2000s, concern about rising incidence in some areas, new outbreaks, TB/HIV co-infection, and the emergence of TB drug resistance prompted key global health actors and governments, including the U.S. government, to make preserving and advancing the progress of global efforts against TB a priority.5 In 1993, WHO declared TB to be a global health emergency.6 Since then, global efforts to address TB have become more prominent and global TB incidence and mortality rates have fallen overall.7 Still, significant challenges remain, with COVID-19 having further complicated TB efforts. The second U.N. high-level meeting on TB, held in 2023, reviewed progress toward ending TB and set new targets for achievement by 2027 after targets set during the first U.N. high-level meeting, held in 2018, were not achieved.8

Morbidity and Mortality

  • In 2022, there were 10.6 million new cases of people who developed active TB disease. Although active TB is treatable and curable in most cases,9 an estimated 1.3 million people died from TB in 2022, including an estimated 167,000 who were HIV-positive. Globally, between 2015 and 2022, TB incidence fell by 8.7% and TB-related deaths fell by 19%.10,11 While progress has been made, these reductions fall short of global targets (see Global Goals below), and detecting TB cases — and then linking diagnosed cases to treatment — remains a significant challenge, one made even more complicated in the context of COVID-19, which disrupted case detection and treatment services.12
  • People who suffer from other conditions that impair the immune system (e.g., HIV) are at a higher risk of developing active TB, as are people who use tobacco.13 TB and HIV are frequently referred to as co-epidemics (or dual epidemics) due to their high rate of co-infection. TB is the leading cause of death among people with HIV, especially in developing countries.14 In 2022, among the 10.6 million new active TB cases, about 6% were people who were also HIV-positive, and of the 1.3 million people who died from TB, about 13% were HIV-positive.15
  • Drug-resistant TB has emerged as a major challenge to global TB control efforts. Cases that fail to respond to standard first-line drugs are known as multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), while those that fail to respond to both first- and second-line drugs are known as extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB).16 In 2022, an estimated 410,000 people developed MDR-TB or resistance to rifampicin (RR-TB), the most effective first-line drug.17 MDR/RR-TB has been reported in most countries, with 30 countries identified as having a high burden of MDR/RR-TB specifically and three countries — India, the Philippines, and Russia — accounting for 42% of the global number of people who developed MDR/RR-TB in 2022.18

Interventions19

The End TB Strategy, the internationally-recognized strategy for ending the TB epidemic, outlines interventions aimed at decreasing TB-related morbidity, death, and transmission. They include:

  • early diagnosis of TB via sputum-smear microscopy,
  • treatment (usually a six-month course of antibiotics for drug-sensitive TB) and patient support for all people with TB,
  • scaled-up diagnosis and management of MDR- and XDR-TB,
  • systematic screening for and management of TB among people living with HIV and others in high-risk groups,
  • preventive treatment, including TB preventive treatment (TPT) and vaccination20 for high-risk groups, and
  • research and development (R&D) of new tools (e.g., new TB diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines) and improved approaches.

Other interventions include the development of policies and systems that support TB activities, such as improved standardized data collection, quality assurance and rational use of drugs, and monitoring and evaluation of outcomes; sustained political and financial commitment to TB efforts; health systems strengthening; and increased health workforce capacity to respond to TB.

Global Goals

Since the 1993 declaration of TB as a global health emergency by WHO,21 major global TB goals have most recently been set through the following:

  • Adopted in 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to end the TB epidemic by 2030 under SDG Goal 3, which is to “ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.”22
  • Endorsed by governments at the 2014 World Health Assembly, the End TB Strategy set an overarching goal of ending the global TB epidemic as well as targets for achieving, by 2035, a 95% reduction in TB deaths and a 90% reduction in TB incidence (compared with 2015 levels).23 It builds on the earlier 2006 international Stop TB Strategy,24 in which WHO outlined the goal of eliminating TB as a public health problem by 2050.25 The Global Plan to End TB outlines the steps and resources needed to achieve the End TB Strategy’s goals and is periodically updated by the Stop TB Partnership (an international network of public and private entities working to eliminate TB).26
  • In 2018, the U.N. General Assembly held its first-ever high-level meeting (HLM) on TB, where world leaders adopted a new Political Declaration that reaffirmed global TB commitments.27 The Political Declaration also articulated commitments on TB research and innovation, and a framework to help countries implement these commitments – the Global Strategy for Tuberculosis Research and Innovation – was adopted by governments at the 2020 World Health Assembly.28 The second U.N. HLM on TB took place in September 2023, reviewing progress since the first HLM and setting new targets for achievement by 2027.29

U.S. Government Efforts

U.S. involvement in global TB efforts was relatively limited until the late 1990s. Since that time, its efforts to address TB have grown, and now the U.S. is one of the largest donors to global TB control.30

History and Goals

In 1998, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) began a global TB control program, and over the following decade, the U.S. assigned a heightened priority to and provided greater funding for bilateral and multilateral TB efforts.31

The passage of the legislation that launched the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) in 2003 placed a heightened priority on U.S. global TB efforts that continues to this day. The U.S. Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 (the legislation that created PEPFAR) included TB under its umbrella, authorizing five years of funding for bilateral TB efforts and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (an independent, international financing institution created in 2001 that provides grants to countries to address TB, HIV, and malaria). The Lantos-Hyde U.S. Global Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Reauthorization Act of 2008, which reauthorized PEPFAR, set targets for U.S. bilateral TB efforts and authorized another five years of funding.32 (See the KFF fact sheet on PEPFAR, the KFF fact sheet on the Global Fund, and the KFF brief on PEPFAR reauthorization.)

In 2022, USAID released its eight-year Global Tuberculosis (TB) Strategy 2023-2030, which outlines current U.S. TB goals.33 These goals include, by 2030, to contribute to:

  • a 35% reduction in TB incidence relative to a 2019 baseline,
  • a 52% reduction in TB mortality relative to a 2019 baseline,
  • diagnosing and initiating treatment on 90% of incident (new cases of) TB and drug-resistant TB,
  • maintaining treatment success rates of 90% for individuals with drug-sensitive TB and drug-resistant TB,
  • and providing TB preventive treatment (TPT) to 30 million people.

These goals overlap with and reaffirm the U.S. commitment to the WHO End TB Strategy 2030 targets and SDG goal for TB.

The U.S. has also placed a heightened emphasis on addressing antimicrobial resistance (i.e., drug resistance). 34 At the first U.N. TB HLM in 2018, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) released the Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis Research, which aims to accelerate its TB research including MDR-TB research.35 More recently, in 2020, the U.S. released its updated National Action Plan for Combating Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis, which identifies interventions and articulates a strategy to respond to the domestic and global challenges of MDR-TB from 2020 through 2025.36

Organization

The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) serves as the lead implementing agency for U.S. global TB efforts, with other agencies also carrying out TB activities. Collectively, these efforts reach approximately 50 countries, including at least 20 of the 30 high burden countries (HBCs, which are designated by WHO as having high numbers of TB cases and collectively account for approximately 87% of new TB cases globally).37 All U.S. global TB efforts are coordinated under the international working group of the Federal Tuberculosis Task Force (a coalition of federal agencies involved in U.S. global and domestic TB efforts).38

USAID TB Program

USAID’s bilateral TB program aims to support specific country needs39 in 24 priority countries40 where it currently carries out TB efforts, which are mainly in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, and to focus on key interventions, including:

  • accelerated detection and treatment of TB for all patients,
  • scaled up prevention and treatment of MDR-TB,
  • expanded coverage of interventions for TB-HIV co-infection (in coordination with U.S. HIV efforts under PEPFAR),
  • improvements in the TB service delivery platforms and overall health system, and
  • support for accelerated research and innovation.

The agency reported in early 2022 that in USAID TB priority countries, TB incidence and TB-related mortality had decreased by 25% and 41%, respectively, since 2000.41

Other U.S. TB Efforts42

The U.S. also supports TB activities through several other agencies, including:

  • the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which provides technical support on epidemiology and surveillance, laboratory strengthening, and clinical and program operations, and also supports clinical and operational research;
  • NIH, which, as the leading funder of TB research and development (R&D),43 supports basic, applied, and clinical R&D of new drugs, vaccines, and diagnostics;
  • the State Department’s Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC), which leads U.S. efforts to address TB-HIV co-infection; and
  • the Department of Defense (DoD), whose overseas laboratories help to monitor the quality of TB diagnostic services and conduct operational research.
Multilateral Efforts

The U.S. partners with international institutions and supports global TB funding mechanisms. Key partners include WHO and the Stop TB Partnership. Additionally, the U.S. government is the largest donor to the Global Fund, which has approved nearly $10 billion in funding for TB programs worldwide, and one of the largest donors to the Global Drug Facility (a mechanism of the Stop TB Partnership that provides grants to countries for TB drugs).44

Funding45

U.S. funding for global TB has grown over the past decade, with much of the increase occurring in more recent years; U.S. funding for TB rose from $233 million in FY 2013 to $406 million in FY 2023 (see figure for the latest information).46 Additional U.S. support for TB activities is provided through its contribution to the Global Fund. (See the KFF fact sheet on the U.S. Global Health Budget: Tuberculosis and the KFF budget tracker for more details on historical appropriations for global TB.)

Most U.S. bilateral funding for TB is provided through the Global Health Programs account at USAID with additional funding provided through the Economic Support Fund account,47 as well as funding through CDC.48 It includes U.S. contributions to the Global Drug Facility.

Key Issues for the U.S.

The U.S. is one of the largest donors to global TB control efforts and has highlighted TB as an important component of its global health investment. Looking ahead, there are several key issues and questions facing the current administration and Congress, including:

  • how best to measure and respond to any long-term impacts of COVID-19 on TB programs and services;
  • what future funding levels will be, and whether it is possible to expand the reach and impact of U.S. programs within funding constraints, including through continuing to address ways to reduce the cost of treatment;
  • how to implement U.S.-supported TB control programs in the context of weak health systems, limited laboratory capacity, and treatment barriers and complications;
  • the role of existing TB control programs as platforms for other respiratory pandemic response, and how to best coordinate and complement such efforts without disrupting ongoing TB programs, activities, and support for those in developing countries most affected by TB;
  • how to continue to tackle the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, specifically drug-resistant TB, as well as prepare programs for other emerging health threats;
  • the extent to which research and development efforts to advance new drugs and vaccines will be ramped up;
  • how to better integrate U.S. global TB programs with other U.S. global health efforts, particularly HIV and maternal and child health; and
  • how to further enhance coordination of US-supported TB efforts with those of other donors and international actors, particularly the Global Fund and WHO.
Endnotes
  1. These bacteria can float in the air for several hours, depending on the environment. Persons who breathe in the air containing these TB bacteria can become infected. Since initial symptoms may be mild for months, people can sometimes delay seeking care, exposing more people to the bacteria.

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  2. WHO, “Tuberculosis,” fact sheet, Oct. 2023.

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  3. USAID, Innovating & Adapting to End TB: Tuberculosis Report to Congress, FY 2022, Jan. 2023.

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  4. CDC, “Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR TB),” fact sheet, May 2016; WHO: “Tuberculosis,” fact sheet, Oct. 2023; Global TB Report 2023, 2023.

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  5. WHO, “Global Tuberculosis Programme,” World Health Assembly Resolution 44.8, 1991; WHO, WHO Report on the Global TB Epidemic 1998, 1998; WHO, “Tuberculosis,” fact sheet, August 2002; TB Alert, “TB Timeline,” webpage, http://www.tbalert.org/about-tb/tb-in-time/tb-timeline/.

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  6. WHO, TB: A Global Emergency, WHO report on the TB epidemic, 1994.

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  7. WHO, Global TB Report 2023, 2023.

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  8. Global targets set at the first U.N. high-level meeting (HLM) on TB, for achievement between 2018-2022, include treatment and preventative treatment targets, as well as annual funding targets for TB research and universal access to TB services. The world fell short on all but one (preventative treatment for people living with HIV) of these targets. The new targets set at the second HLM include coverage targets for treatment, preventative treatment, rapid diagnostic testing, and health and social benefits; the rollout of safe and effective TB vaccines; and annual funding targets for TB research and universal access to TB services, all to be achieved between 2023-2027. WHO, Global TB Report 2023, 2023; WHO, News release: World leaders commit to new targets to end TB, September 2023.

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  9. Treatment in most cases is usually a six-month course of antibiotics.

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  10. Globally, between 2010 and 2020, TB incidence fell by approximately 2% per year but then increased by 3.9% between 2020 and 2022 due to impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Increases in incidence may be due to increases in the number of people having undiagnosed and untreated TB (due to COVID-related service disruptions) and the subsequent development of disease among those newly infected.

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  11. WHO, Global TB Report 2023, 2023.

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  12. WHO, Global TB Report 2023, 2023; WHO, News release: Tuberculosis response recovering from pandemic but accelerated efforts needed to meet new targets, November 2023.

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  13. WHO, “Tuberculosis,” fact sheet, Nov. 2023.

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  14. WHO, Global Tuberculosis Report 2023, 2023.

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  15. WHO, Global Tuberculosis Report 2023, 2023.

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  16. Treatment options for these forms of TB are very limited. WHO, “Tuberculosis,” fact sheet, Nov. 2023.

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  17. That is, people with MDR-TB have a combined resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid (another key first-line TB drug). WHO, “Tuberculosis,” fact sheet, Nov. 2023.

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  18. WHO: Global Tuberculosis Report 2023, 2023.

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  19. WHO, “The End TB Strategy,” webpage, https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/the-end-tb-strategy; WHO, “Implementing the End TB Strategy: The Essentials, 2022” Dec. 2022, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240065093.

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  20. No effective vaccine currently exists to prevent transmission of TB. The BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine is partially effective in preventing some serious TB complications in children and is recommended by WHO as a component of routine childhood immunization in countries with a high TB burden. See: “Implementing the End TB Strategy: The Essentials, 2022” Dec. 2012, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240065093.

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  21. WHO, “TB: A Global Emergency, WHO report on the TB epidemic,” 1994.

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  22. U.N., Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 2015.

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  23. This means the incidence rate will be an average of less than 10 TB cases per 100,000 population. WHO: “Post-2015 Global TB Strategy and targets,” fact sheet, Dec. 2014; “The End TB Strategy,” webpage, https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/the-end-tb-strategy; “Implementing the End TB Strategy: The Essentials, 2022” Dec. 2022, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240065093

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  24. WHO, The Stop TB Strategy, March 2006.

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  25. This means that “the global incidence of TB disease will be less than 1 case per million population per year.”

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  26. Stop TB Partnership: The Global Plan to Stop TB 2006–2015, Jan. 2006; The Global Plan to Stop TB 2011-2015, 2010; The Global Plan to End TB 2016-2020, 2015; The Global Plan to End TB 2018-2022, 2017; The Global Plan to End TB 2023-2030, 2022; webpage, https://www.stoptb.org/advocate-to-endtb/global-plan-to-end-tb.

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  27. U.N., United to End Tuberculosis: An Urgent Global Response to a Global Epidemic, September 2018; U.N., Political declaration of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on the fight against tuberculosis, October 2018.

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  28. WHO, A Global Strategy for Tuberculosis Research and Innovation, August 2020.

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  29. Global targets set at the first U.N. high-level meeting (HLM) on TB, for achievement between 2018-2022, include treatment and preventative treatment targets, as well as annual funding targets for TB research and universal access to TB services. The world fell short on all but one (preventative treatment for people living with HIV) of these targets. The new targets set at the second HLM include coverage targets for treatment, preventative treatment, rapid diagnostic testing, and health and social benefits; the rollout of safe and effective TB vaccines; and annual funding targets for TB research and universal access to TB services, all to be achieved between 2023-2027. WHO, “UN General Assembly High-level Meeting on the fight against tuberculosis, 2023” webpage, https://www.who.int/activities/preparing-for-the-un-high-level-meeting-on-the-fight-against-tuberculosis--2023; WHO, Global TB Report 2023, 2023; WHO, News release: World leaders commit to new targets to end TB, September 2023.

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  30. KFF, Mapping the Donor Landscape in Global Health: Tuberculosis, 2013; KFF analysis of OECD DAC CRS database, November 2023.

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  31. USAID: USAID, Expanded Response to TB, Sept. 2004 and updated Jan. 2009; USAID, Fast Facts: Tuberculosis, Oct. 2010.

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  32. U.S. Congress, Public Law 108-25, May 27, 2003; U.S. Congress, Public Law 110-293, July 30, 2008.

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  33. USAID, USAID’s Global Tuberculosis (TB) Strategy 2023-2030, 2022. This succeeds the prior five-year USG Global TB Strategy 2015-2022 and five-year Lantos-Hyde USG TB Strategy (March 2010).

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  34. In 2014, the White House announced the National Strategy for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (CARB) and issued an executive order directing the U.S. government to “work domestically and internationally to reduce the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.” USAID, “Antimicrobial Resistance and the Threat of Multidrug-Resistant TB,” webpage, https://2012-2017.usaid.gov/what-we-do/global-health/tuberculosis/antimicrobial-resistance-and-threat-multidrug-resistant-tb; White House, Executive Order – Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, 2014. See also: USG, National Strategy for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, 2014, https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/carb_national_strategy.pdf; White House, “Fact sheet: Obama Administration Releases National Action Plan to Combat Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, 2015, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/03/27/fact-sheet-obama-administration-releases-national-action-plan-combat-ant.

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  35. NIH/NIAID, NIAID Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis Research, September 2018.

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  36. The National Action Plan for Combating Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis was first released in 2015 and then updated in 2020 to reflect its 2020-2025 strategy. USG, National Action Plan for Combating Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis, December 2015. USG, National Action Plan for Combating Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis, October 2020.

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  37. USAID and CDC’s TB efforts together reach approximately 50 countries, including those reached through regional efforts as well as PEPFAR-supported TB/HIV efforts. USAID, USAID’s Global Tuberculosis (TB) Strategy 2023–2030, 2022; USAID, Tuberculosis Report to Congress FY 2022, January 2023; USAID, “Tuberculosis: Countries,” webpage, accessed November 2023, https://www.usaid.gov/global-health/health-areas/tuberculosis/countries; CDC, “Global HIV & Tuberculosis: Where We Work,” webpage, updated October 25, 2023, https://www.cdc.gov/globalhivtb/where-we-work/index.html; WHO, Global Tuberculosis Report 2023, 2023; WHO, “Tuberculosis,” fact sheet, Nov. 2023.

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  38. CDC, “Federal TB Task Force,” webpage, http://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/taskforce.htm.

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  39. As outlined in a partner country’s national TB strategic plan, per the current and prior USG global TB strategies.

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  40. USAID, “USAID TB Countries” webpage, accessed: https://www.usaid.gov/global-health/health-areas/tuberculosis/countries.

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  41. USAID, USAID’S Global TB Program: Innovating & Adapting to End TB fact sheet, 2022.

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  42. U.S. Government (USG), USG Global TB Strategy 2015-2019, 2015.

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  43. Treatment Action Group, 2022 Report on Tuberculosis Research Funding Trends, 2005–2021, 2022.

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  44. Global Fund: “Data Explorer,” accessed September 2023,https://data.theglobalfund.org/; Global Drug Facility, “The Global Drug Facility: Access and Opportunity,” brochure, 2009.

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  45. KFF analysis of data from the Office of Management and Budget, Agency Congressional Budget Justifications, Congressional Appropriations Bills, and U.S. Foreign Assistance Dashboard website, ForeignAssistance.gov.

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  46. FY23 is based on funding provided in the “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023” (P.L. 117-328) and is a preliminary estimate.

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  47. Prior to FY13, TB funding was also provided through the Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and Central Asia (AEECA) account, which was eliminated in FY13 and incorporated into other accounts (e.g., GHP and ESF).

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  48. Represents specified funding for international TB programs in the President’s budget request, ForeignAssistance.gov, and Congressional appropriations bills. Additional support for international TB programs is provided through bilateral HIV programs at the State Department to address TB/HIV co-infection, for technical support and research activities through the CDC, and for research activities at the NIH. Prior to FY20, global TB funding at CDC was provided through the “HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STI and TB Prevention” funding line; in the FY20 Request, the administration proposed to create a new “Global Tuberculosis” funding line under global health programs at CDC and to transfer $7.2 million from the “HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STI and TB Prevention” funding line to “Global Tuberculosis” for both FY18 and FY19. The FY20 appropriations bill formalized this transfer. Funding amounts provided through this transfer are not currently available for the years prior to FY18.

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